After an introductory note regarding its content and a nominal index of the household heads of non-captive families working in the farm, this ledger comprises two interconnected parts. (1) Administrative data from Vergueiro & Co. regarding the transport of immigrants and their settlement in Ibicaba. (2) Workers' checking accounts, with occasional specification of professions. Period: from August 1846 to April 1850.
Livro composto por contas correntes dos trabalhadores e pela conta corrente da fazenda Ibicaba (equivalente: "Conta dos correspondentes"). Para os trabalhadores foi dada especial atenção à identificação dos camaradas e dos trabalhadores da Colônia do Saltinho. Para a conta corrente da fazenda, intercalada com as dos trabalhadores, os parceiros comerciais listados neste livro são principalmente de Cordeirópolis e região; sob o cabeçalho de cada pessoa física ou jurídica, listagem do crédito ou débito das transações correspondentes. Período: de agosto de 1899 a março de 1912.
Workers' checking accounts, with occasional indications of specific professions, some of which are rather peculiar for rural employment. The specific mentioned professions are: ploughman, train station master, seaman, operator of water scoop (“moinjollo [monjolo?]”), and guard (“vigia)”; other professions are mentioned to identify individuals who had only their first name registered (perhaps ex-enslaved people): harvestman, colonist, cook, stoker, mason, and bricklayer’s mate. Period: from October 1890 to January 1895.
Este livro inclui duas partes com conteúdos diferentes. (1) Livro Caixa com especificação de mês, dia, transação realizada e valor monetário a débito ou crédito da fazenda entre julho de 1937 e setembro de 1943; (2) Registro de culturas (páginas 45-57), incluindo algodão, milho, arroz, mamona e cana sob formas diversas de divisão do produto (meia, terça parte, pagamentos fixos etc.) em 1943.
Embora estruturado como um Diário contábil, o conteúdo deste livro é principalmente de Contas correntes dos trabalhadores na fazenda Ibicaba. As entradas são ordenadas cronologicamente e por família trabalhadora. O livro inclui ainda dados sobre as Folhas de pagamento dos trabalhadores da fazenda Ibicaba, eventualmente discriminados por categorias trabalhistas. Eventual subdivisão por colônia: Abundância, Boa Esperança, Colônia Ibicaba, Coloninha, “Colonos morando perto da Fazenda”, “Colonos Italianos”, Gramma Larga, Saltinho e Teteia. Período coberto: de outubro de 1890 a setembro de 1891. Finalmente, a página 560 traz dados de remessa de sacas de café, em agosto de 1891, para a “Casa Camargo, Levy e Coelho”.
Laborers' payrolls in Ibicaba farm divided by categories and tasks: weeding/hoeing, harvesting, and other activities of the colonists (“colonos”); periodical payments to farm laborers (“camaradas”) and ordinary laborers. Period: from March 1921 to January 1931.
Timesheet of daily workers (i.e. "camaradas" [also per piece rate]) and other laborers. Various labor categories: daily & piece rate laborers (camaradas), monthly workers, skilled laborers/artisans (artistas) etc. Period: from June 1901 to May 1902. Detailed information about laborers' names, professions, number of worked days per month (from 1st to 31st), daily remuneration ("ordenado"), total labor income, and observations.
This ledger is composed by three parts, each with a different theme. (1) List of households residing in Ibicaba farm, including number of coffee trees they cultivated and number of rooms in each house. Localities mentioned: Section Colônia Grande; houses outside the colonies; Saltinho; Section Grama Larga (Coloninha, Morro Alto, Thecteia e Lage) (pages 1-5). (2) Statement about the split of the parish of Cascalho from the parish of Cordeiro (pages 7-8). (3) Laborers' payrolls in Ibicaba farm divided by categories and tasks: weeding/hoeing, harvesting, and other activities of the colonists (“colonos”); periodical payments to farm laborers (“camaradas”) and ordinary laborers. Period: from April 1917 to March 1921 (pages 11-200).
Timesheet of daily workers (i.e. "camaradas" [also per piece rate]) and other laborers. Various labor categories: daily & piece rate laborers (camaradas), monthly workers, skilled laborers/artisans (artistas) etc. Period: from June 1935 to January 1938. Detailed information about laborers' names, professions, number of worked days per month (from 1st to 31st), daily remuneration ("ordenado"), total labor income, and observations.
Livro de ponto dos camaradas e outros trabalhadores. Diversas categorias de trabalhadores: camaradas, trabalhadores mensais, artesãos etc. Período: de fevereiro de 1938 a outubro de 1940. Detalhamento por nome, profissão, dias trabalhados por mês (de 1 a 31), remuneração diária ("ordenado"), renda total do trabalho e observações.
This ledger is composed by two parts with different content. (1) Workers' checking accounts in Ipiranga farm between December 1920 and December 1930. Three labor categories are occasionally identified: colonists (colonos), laborers per piece rate or fixed time (camaradas), and artisans (pages 1-126). (2) Cash flow of Ipiranga farm specifying month, day, transaction executed and its monetary value (in the farm’s credit or debt) between August 1922 and August 1930.
Contas correntes dos trabalhadores. Diversas categorias de trabalhadores: colonos, camaradas, empreiteiros, artistas etc. Menções limitadas a colônia específica: Saltinho. Período: de março de 1913 a dezembro de 1914.
Timesheet of daily workers (i.e. "camaradas" [also per piece rate]) and other types of laborers. Various labor categories: daily & piece rate laborers (camaradas), monthly workers, skilled laborers/artisans (artistas) etc. Limited mentioning to a specific colony: Saltinho. Period: from June 1914 to June 1918. Detailed information about laborers' names, professions, number of worked days per month (from 1st to 31st), daily remuneration ("ordenado"), total labor income, and observations.
Workers' checking accounts, with indications of specific professions. The specific mentioned professions are: laborer per piece rate or fixed time (“camarada”); idem for pruning coffee trees “camarada de poda de café”; carpenter; carrier (“carreiro”); maid; laborer per task executed in coffee production, usually for planting new trees (“empreiteiro de café”); laborer per task executed in pruning (“empreiteiro-podador”); blacksmith; stoker; machine operator (“maquinista”); joiner; schoolmaster; mason; mason per task executed (“pedreiro-empreiteiro”); possibly the person starting the gang labor (“puchador [SIC]”); saddler; sawyer; brick producer; caretaker of the pigsty. Period: from September 1896 to April 1901.
Registry of the coffee trees distributed to the households working in the São Francisco and Ipiranga farms for the 1937 crop year. Information about the name of household members, sex, age, marital status, and nationality. Data on the number of coffee trees cultivated by type ("estreito" or "largo", i.e. "narrow" or "wide"), as well as total remuneration based on a fixed value per coffee tree cultivated. There is also data on the number of light bulbs of the houses where the households lived.
Workers' checking accounts organized by the farm’s administration as a Daybook, with entries sorted chronologically and by working households. Intermingled with these data are entries about the farm’s administration (under the header “A Fasenda” [SIC]). Covered period: from January to October 1890.
This ledger is composed by four parts with different content. (1) Daybook of Ibicaba farm from September 1938 to September 1939 (pages 1-153). (2) Registry of objects and harvested crops loaned by the farm’s administration (pages 154-161). (3) Annual registry of harvests and selling of crops other than coffee (cotton, rice, bean, and maize) from 1942 to 1965 (pages 162-274). (4) Annual registry of harvests and selling of crops other than coffee (cotton, rice, bean, and maize) from 1940 to 1943, in inverse chronological order, i.e. with the oldest year starting in the last page (pages 381-400).
Laborers' payrolls in Ibicaba farm divided by categories and tasks: weeding/hoeing, harvesting, and other activities of the colonists (“colonos”); periodical payments to farm laborers (“camaradas”) and ordinary laborers. Systematic division per colony. Period: from June 1892 to December 1896.
Cash flow of São Francisco farm specifying month, day, transaction executed and its monetary value (in the farm´s credit or debt) between March 1929 and January 1938. The ledger contains detailed data on laborers' payrolls.
Timesheet of workers of Colony Grande, Ibicaba farm. No distinction of labor categories. Limited time coverage: August 1939, March and April 1940, and January 1942. Detailed information about laborers' names, number of worked days per month (from 1st to 31st), daily remuneration ("ordenado"), and total labor income.
Laborers' payrolls in Ibicaba farm divided by categories and tasks: weeding/hoeing, harvesting, and other activities of the colonists (“colonos”); periodical payments to farm laborers (“camaradas”), ordinary laborers, and carters and carriers (“carroceiros e carreadores”); also, specific mentioning of the category “camaradas do eito”, or laborers per piece rate working in gangs (free translation). Systematic division per colony: Centro (also named “Centro da Fazenda”), Colônia [“at” or “of”] Cabeceira (or Cabeçeira [SIC]) – also named “Lage” as of June 1900 –, Colônia Grande, Gramma Larga, Morro Alto, Saltinho, and Teteia. Covered period: from January 1897 to April 1901.
Livro caixa da Cooperativa Médica da fazenda Ibicaba. Registros cronológicos do balanço da cooperativa, contribuições e chamadas médicas à fazenda, inclusive com nome do médico. Estes dados estão intercaladas com listas nominais de trabalhadores que pagaram o “Imposto de Caminhos” (1913-1918).
O livro contém dados diversos sobre a produção dos trabalhadores na fazenda Ibicaba: (1) Registro dos cafezais entregues a famílias de trabalhadores na fazenda para o ano agrícola de 1935-1936. Informações sobre o nome dos membros da família, sexo, idade, estado civil e nacionalidade. Dados sobre o número de pés de café cultivados e remuneração total baseada em valor fixo por pé de café cultivado. Há ainda dados sobre o número de lâmpadas (“bicos”) nas residências ocupadas por cada família. (2) Registro de tarefas específicas, incluindo carpa do laranjal (1939); serviços com trator; coroação do pomar (1940); e cafeeiros arrancados (1938 e 1939). (3) Registro de contas correntes de alguns trabalhadores entre junho de 1938 e outubro de 1940.
Workers' checking accounts in Iracema farm. With the exception of four colonists, one administrator, and four masons, no specification of professions or labor categories. Period: from July 1926 to June 1930.
Ledger starting on page 55 (the previous were removed in the original) with various content regarding the harvest of coffee and orchards, as well as registry of labor arrangements. The ledger covers, in an incomplete manner, the period from June 1962 to May 1965.
This daybook is most likely a registry of coffee harvested. Below the name of each household head, there is data about days worked and some quantities; unfortunately, there is no explicit information on what those quantities refer to. The ledger does not mention explicitly months or year, either. Nonetheless, the continuity in content and the similarity in format with “Harvest daybook 02 from Ibicaba farm. Extra documents #06 (1973)” [file “ibicaba_extradocs_0006_borrador2_trabalhadores_1973.pdf”] allow us to attribute the year 1973 to this ledger.
Workers' checking accounts. Various labor categories: colonists (colonos), daily & piece rate laborers (camaradas e empreiteiros), skilled laborers/artisans (artistas) etc. Limited mentioning of a specific colony: Saltinho. Period: from February 1910 to August 1912.
Registro dos cafezais entregues às famílias de trabalhadores na fazenda Iracema, de propriedade de "H. Levy & Cia", no ano agrícola 1936-1937. Informações sobre o nome dos membros da família, idade, estado civil e nacionalidade. Dados sobre o número de pés de café cultivados e sua localização espacial na fazenda (identificado com o número e nome da estaca), assim como remuneração total baseada em valor fixo por pé de café cultivado.
This file contains historical documents referring mostly to articles of incorporation of merchant houses from family Levy and to the administration of various farms. (1) Deed of sale and purchase (with respective fiscal documents) of three real estate deals (1891-1892): plot with two houses on the road to Cascalho, in the vicinities of Cordeiros railroad station; plot with one house in the vicinities of Rio Claro-Araras Railway; plot of land in Cordeiros farm (“sítio”). (2) 1914 copy of the notarial deed that altered the articles of incorporation of “J. Levy & Companhia” in 1906, as agreed upon by Mr. José Levy and Mr. Simão Levy. These changes resulted from the passing of Mr. Jacob Levy Netto and from the fact that Mr. José Levy Sobrinho left the society to become the firm’s manager. (3) Notarial deed prorogating and altering the articles of incorporation of “J. Levy & Cia.”, as agreed upon by Mr. José Levy and Mr. Simão Levy in 1911. Among others, this document changed the firm’s social capital and suppressed its banking-related activities. (4) Minutes of the Ordinary General Meeting of the firm Levy that took place in the city of Santos in May 1920. (5) Laborers’ payroll in Goyapá farm referring to woodcutting and coffee harvesting; data include bimonthly remuneration, monetary value of payments (“jornal”), total labor income, deductions, and net value. These notes have been written in a sheet under the letterhead “Goyapá Farm, property of Flaminio Levy” (free translation). Period: September/October 1925. (6) Laborers’ payroll of workers per piece rate or fixed time (“camaradas”) and other professionals in Goyapá farm; data include professional categories, days worked, monetary value of payments (“jornal”), total labor income, deductions, and net value. The same sheet also contains expenditure registries of Goyapá farm in October 1925. These notes have been written in a sheet under the letterhead “Flaminio Levy ‘Goyapá Farm’, November 1st, 1925 [handwritten dates][.] Payroll sheet of workers per piece rate or fixed time (“camaradas”) in October [handwritten date] 1925 [last digit handwritten] (free translation). This document was checked and signed in Ibicaba farm in November 1925. (7) Label of “Cordeirinho” brandy (“cachaça”), produced in Bom Jesus farm – Santo Antonio Sugarmill (“Della Coletta Brothers”), in Cordeirópolis; there are arithmetic operations, a signature under the name of Ibicaba farm, and the date 13/7/[19]62 handwritten on its back. (8) Handwritten scrap of paper with the name of Mr. Lazaro de Oliveira and arithmetic operations. (9) Handwritten list of people working without laborers’ booklets (“cadernetas”), without date. (10) Nominal list for colonies Morro Alto, Grama Larga, Centro, Teteia, and “A Lage”; the crossed-out names suggest that this list was used as a draft for surveying the residents in these colonies.
Registro dos cafezais entregues às famílias de trabalhadores na Colônia Grande da fazenda Ibicaba, nos anos agrícolas entre 1936 e 1941. Informações sobre o nome dos membros da família, idade, estado civil e nacionalidade; há informações eventuais sobre o regime de trabalho (colonos, meeiros e "terceiros", i.e. à terça parte) . Dados sobre o número de pés de café cultivados e sua localização espacial na fazenda (identificado com o número da estaca), assim como remuneração total baseada em valor fixo por pé de café cultivado. Há ainda dados sobre o número de portas e janelas das residências ocupadas por cada família.
This ledger is structured in two complementary parts by theme and period. (1) Pages 1-102 provide a detailed crop registry, including different types of crop-sharing with laborers (by half [“à meia”] or by third part [“à terça”]). The agricultural production include avocado, rice, banana, sweet potato and yam, potato (“batatinha”), citric fruits (various species and types), bean, fruits in general, wood, hop, manioc, maize (various types), nuts (various types), ramie, wheat, thung(?), and grapes, as well as data on the use of the processing machine in the farm, pastures, pigs, and services executed with the tractor. Covered period: from February 1938 to March 1943. (2) Pages 104-126 provide a nominal ledger organized by specific accounts with a focus on agricultural crops, even if not limited only to them. Covered period: from January to March 1943.
Contas correntes dos trabalhadores. Raras identificações de categorias de trabalhadores (2 colonos e 3 camaradas) ou profissões (“empreiteiro de formigas”, “empreiteiro do laranjal e Eucalipto”, oleiro e seleiro). Período: de fevereiro de 1925 a outubro de 1928.
Workers' checking accounts. With the exception of one colonist, no specification of professions or labor categories. Period: from June 1923 to February 1926.
Contas correntes dos trabalhadores. Diversas categorias de trabalhadores: colonos, camaradas, empreiteiros, artistas etc. Menções limitadas a colônia específica: Saltinho. Período: de maio de 1914 a dezembro de 1915.
Timesheet of daily workers with references to different labor categories and occupations. Period: from June 1896 to March 1899. Detailed information about laborers’ names, number of worked days per month (from 1st to 31st), daily remuneration ("ordenado"), total labor income, and notes.
Livro de ponto dos trabalhadores. Diversas categorias de trabalhadores e profissões: camaradas, trabalhadores agrícolas, artesãos etc. Período: de fevereiro de 1890 a outubro de 1892. Detalhamento por nome, profissão, dias trabalhados por mês (de 1 a 31), remuneração diária ("jornal"), renda total do trabalho e eventuais observações.
This ledger is composed by two parts with different content. (1) Workers’ checking accounts between March 1931 and June 1938, intermixed with the current account of the Ibicaba farm. Occasional identification of sharecroppers by half and by the third part (“meeiros” and “à terça” or “terceiros”), as well as references to the “Pão de Lot” colony (pages 1-53). (2) Nominal ledger of Ibicaba farm between October 1938 and December 1942 (pages 54-58 and 61-92).
Livro de ponto dos camaradas e outros trabalhadores. Diversas categorias de trabalhadores: camaradas, trabalhadores mensais, artesãos etc. Período: de junho de 1902 a novembro de 1903. Detalhamento por nome, profissão, dias trabalhados por mês (de 1 a 31), remuneração diária ("ordenado"), renda total do trabalho e observações.
Folhas de pagamento dos trabalhadores da fazenda Ibicaba, discriminados por categorias e atividades: carpas, colheitas e atividades extras dos colonos; pagamentos periódicos a camaradas e empregados ordinários. Subdivisão sistemática por colônias (Cabeceira, Centro, Colônia Grande, Lage, Gramma Larga, Morro Alto, Saltinho e Teteia). Período: de maio de 1901 a maio de 1906.
Contas correntes dos trabalhadores. Eventuais menções a profissões específicas, incluindo formas específicas de divisão de produção ("meeiro" ou à terça parte ["terceiro"]). Período: de fevereiro de 1938 a janeiro de 1942.
This ledger comprises two interconnected parts. (1) Workers' checking accounts organized by the farm’s administration as a Daybook, with entries sorted chronologically and by working households. Covered period: from July 1889 to January 1890. (2) Laborers' payrolls in Ibicaba farm divided by categories: colonists, workers per piece rate or fixed time (“camaradas”), workers per task executed (“empreiteiros”), artisans, laborers and workers (“empregados e trabalhadores”), and coffee harvesters (“apanhadores de café”), as well as by tasks, e.g. weeding and harvesting. Frequent division per colony: Abundância, Colônia da Ibicaba, Colônia dos Pretos, Coloninha, Gramma Larga, Grammado, Morrinho, Saltinho, and Teteia. Covered period: from July 1890 to January 1892.
Contas correntes dos trabalhadores. Com raríssimas exceções (um carroceiro, um ferreiro e um tijoleiro), sem especificação de profissões ou categorias dos trabalhadores. Período: de janeiro de 1893 a junho de 1897.
This daybook is most likely a registry of coffee harvested. Below the name of each household head, there is data about days worked and some quantities; unfortunately, there is no explicit information on what those quantities refer to. Moreover, even if there is information about the days worked and the year (1973), the corresponding months are not mentioned.
Folhas de pagamento dos trabalhadores da fazenda Ibicaba, discriminados por categorias e atividades: carpas, colheitas e atividades extras dos colonos; pagamentos periódicos a camaradas e empregados, com a especificação de suas profissões. Período: de janeiro de 1931 a abril de 1942.
Workers' checking accounts in São Francisco farm. Occasional indication of labor categories, especially colonists and workers per piece rate or fixed time (“camaradas”), frequently followed by the adjective “new”, as well as artisans. Period: from July 1926 to December 1937. The ledger includes also sporadic data on the farm’s administration: (1) There are entries for the medical cooperative, pharmaceutical expenses, visits of medical doctors, and mortuary agencies; (2) Pages 313, 390, 441, 498, 555, 605, and 662 register the revenues of São Francisco farm from September 1931 to December 1936, while page 272 has the same data for São Francisco and Ipiranga farms (from November 1930 to September 1931); (3) Pages 796-800 include an inventory of São Francisco farm once it was bought from Mr. Salvador Paulillo on February 01, 1929.
Livro de ponto dos trabalhadores, sem diferenciação de categorias trabalhistas. Período: de janeiro de 1893 a setembro de 1894. Detalhamento por nome, dias trabalhados por mês (de 1 a 31), remuneração diária ("jornal") e renda total do trabalho.
Workers' checking accounts. With the exception of one potter, no specification of professions or labor categories. Period: from January 1927 to October 1929.
Registry of the coffee trees distributed to the households working in the colonies/sections Grama Larga, Morro Alto, and Lage of the Ibicaba farm for crop years between 1936 and 1941. Information about the name of household members, age, marital status, and nationality. Data on the number of coffee trees cultivated and their spatial location in the farm (identified with number of the "estaca", i.e. a post or stake), as well as total remuneration based on a fixed value per coffee tree cultivated. There is also data on the number of doors and windows of the houses where the households lived.
Timesheet of daily workers (i.e. "camaradas" [also per piece rate]) and other types of laborers. Various labor categories: daily & piece rate laborers (camaradas), monthly workers, skilled laborers/artisans (artistas) etc. Period: from November 1907 to September 1909. Detailed information about laborers' names, professions, number of worked days per month (from 1st to 31st), daily remuneration ("ordenado"), total labor income, and observations.
Livro de ponto dos trabalhadores, separados por categorias (com frequentes subdivisões por profissão/ocupação): camaradas; carroceiros e aviadores; pedreiros; oficina; empregados por mês. Período: de janeiro de 1930 a agosto de 1932. Detalhamento por nome, dias trabalhados por mês (de 1 a 31), remuneração diária ("ordenado"), renda total do trabalho e observações. A última folha inclui dados sobre turnos noturnos em 1932.
Livro de ponto dos camaradas e outros trabalhadores. Diversas categorias de trabalhadores: camaradas, trabalhadores mensais, artesãos etc. Período: de novembro de 1940 a julho de 1943. Detalhamento por nome, profissão, dias trabalhados por mês (de 1 a 31), remuneração diária ("ordenado"), renda total do trabalho e observações.
Workers' checking accounts. Various labor categories: colonists (colonos), daily & piece rate laborers (camaradas e empreiteiros), skilled laborers/artisans (artistas) etc. Period: from December 1908 to June 1910.
Livro razão organizado de acordo com contas específicas de janeiro de 1943 a março de 1943, inclusive registro de culturas agrícolas. Com formato menos usual para o livro razão, as contas são classificadas de acordo com os serviços executados para a rubrica específica (por exemplo, carpa e carretos na produção cafeeira ou carretos e serviços de terreiro para a cultura do arroz).
Registry of the coffee trees distributed to the households working in the Iracema farm in the crop year 1934-1935, propriety of "H. Levy & Cia". Information about the name of household members, sex, age, marital status, and nationality. Under the rubric "empreitada" (free translation: "daily and per piece rate laborers"), there are data on the number of coffee trees cultivated and their spatial location in the farm (identified with number and name of the "estaca", i.e. a post or stake).
Folhas de pagamento dos trabalhadores da fazenda Ibicaba, discriminados por categorias e atividades: carpas, colheitas e atividades extras dos colonos; pagamentos periódicos a camaradas e empregados ordinários. Subdivisão sistemática por colônias (Centro, Colônia Grande, Gramma Larga, Lage, Morro Alto, Saltinho e Teteia). Período: de junho de 1906 a abril de 1917.
Livro Caixa da fazenda Iracema com especificação de mês, dia, transação realizada e valor monetário a débito ou crédito da fazenda entre junho de 1925 e março de 1931. O livro inclui dados detalhados sobre pagamentos a trabalhadores.
Workers’ timesheet separated in four categories: daily workers; carters and ploughmen; artisans and masons; workers hired per month. Period: from September de 1922 to May 1925. Detailed information about laborers' names, number of worked days per month (from 1st to 31st), daily remuneration ("jornal"), total labor income, and observations.
Conta corrente de trabalhadores. Diversas categorias de trabalhadores: colonos, camaradas, empreiteiros, artistas etc. Menções limitadas a colônias específicas: Saltinho. Período: de outubro de 1911 a dezembro de 1913.
Contas correntes dos trabalhadores. Diversas categorias de trabalhadores: colonos, camaradas, empreiteiros, artistas etc. Período: de maio de 1915 a setembro de 1916.
Timesheet of daily workers (i.e. "camaradas" [also per piece rate]) and other types of laborers. Various labor categories: daily & piece rate laborers (camaradas), monthly workers, skilled laborers/artisans (artistas) etc. Period: from November 1909 to September 1911. Detailed information about laborers' names, professions, number of worked days per month (from 1st to 31st), daily remuneration ("ordenado"), total labor income, and observations. Eventual indications of the weekdays worked.
This collection of ledgers and business records from the Ibicaba Farm documents the economic system of agricultural labor in Brazil that ultimately consolidated mass immigration. Starting in the 1840s, plantations in southwestern Brazil experiment with European immigrant labor co-existing with the enslaved black population. The Ibicaba Farm was a pioneer in such process and this collection tracks the development of this system. The digitized ledgers provide access to data relevant to labor history; economics of contractual design; sociology of immigration; political history of labor and immigration to Brazil; and cultural life in a plantation-based society following the transition from slavery.
The content revolves around the farm’s administration, daily life, and economic production. The accounting books, for instance, include information about laborers’ daily activities, productivity under various contracts, workers’ remunerations, and livelihoods. Such content will present a part of history of both Brazilians and immigrant workers of various nationalities. This is especially valuable to any descendants of the farm workers who seek to explore their ancestry.