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Wall trenches, wall remains and drain

Description:
The mosaic floors are situated in the lowest point of the excavations, about 1.8 m below the surrounding area. Significantly lower than the level of the nearby modern sewage, project staff took advantage of the ancient sewage system to solve the issue of drainage, especially for rainwater. For more details, refer to the Final Report.
Date:
January 23, 1999
Resource Type:
still image
Photographer:
Brock, Edwin
Collection:
Villa of the Birds Mosaic Conservation
Wall trenches, wall remains and drain

Wall remains of early roman villa and reconstruction using limestone

Description:
The majority of the Early Roman walls had been destroyed in Antiquity, either ruined or dismantled in quest of building material once the structure had been abandoned. For more information on the architectural remains of Early Roman Villa alpha, refer to progress report 2 or the Final Report.
Date:
June 1998 - April 1999
Resource Type:
still image
Photographer:
Jerke, W.
Brock, Edwin
Collection:
Villa of the Birds Mosaic Conservation
Wall remains of early roman villa and reconstruction using limestone

Wall remains and reconstruction

Description:
The significant difference of levels between the floors and the foundations of the Byzantine structures aboves, required either the missing Early Roman walls to be reconstructed to the height of 3-4 courses (1.5-2.0 m), or else entirely new casing walls to be erected. Both methods were taken advantage of depending on the local conditions. For example, the outer wall, enclosing rooms 2,5, and 6 from the east, was rebuilt using new limestone blocks (sizes and bonding identical to the original ones known from other buildings excavated at the site) as well as blocks found in the debris. For more details refer to p.55 in the Final Report.
Date:
October 1, 1998
Resource Type:
still image
Photographer:
Brock, Edwin
Collection:
Villa of the Birds Mosaic Conservation
Wall remains and reconstruction

Wall foundations of early roman villa

Description:
Part of the original destruction layer of House alpha was investigated in the northern end of the current trench. Below the debris of shattered wall blocks and numerous fragments of coloured plaster, excavations revealed a segment of a wall dividing rooms designated as loci 2 and 3 of the Early Roman villa. This wall was 0. 52- 0.55 m wide and was found to run over a distance of 1.30 m. The blocks in it are partly cracked and dislocated, in a manner reminiscent of earthquake destruction. A similarly constructed segment of wall ( only 1 m long) was discovered limiting room no. 2 on the north side. Both walls rise barely one course of blocks above the footing, that is, some 20-30 cm above the level of the mosaic floors. Easily discernible ghost walls permitted their course to be traced. In certain areas (north, west and east walls of loc. 2), some sections of the foundations, made of small blocks of varying size bonded in clay, were revealed. For more information, see progress report 2 or the Final Report. The significant difference of levels between the floors and the foundations of the Byzantine structures aboves, required either the missing Early Roman walls to be reconstructed to the height of 3-4 courses (1.5-2.0 m), or else entirely new casing walls to be erected. Both methods were taken advantage of depending on the local conditions. For example, the outer wall, enclosing rooms 2,5, and 6 from the east, was rebuilt using new limestone blocks (sizes and bonding identical to the original ones known from other buildings excavated at the site) as well as blocks found in the debris. For more details refer to p.55 in the Final Report.
Date:
July 24, 1998
Resource Type:
still image
Photographer:
Brock, Edwin
Collection:
Villa of the Birds Mosaic Conservation
Wall foundations of early roman villa

Tracing opus sectile

Description:
Mosaic A3 is the biggest mosaic floor, it decorate the triclinium (main reception room of the villa). It was made in two techniques and arranged in a U + T pattern. It sustained extensive damages, especially along the borders where the stone walls were plundered. As with other mosaics, a fire had caused damage as well. The conditions of the opus tessellatum and opus sectile varied significantly. The former in relatively good condition while the latter was significantly damaged. Modern repairs were removed, however ancient repairs were preserved despite being executed with big marble slabs chosen at random causing deformation and distortion of the surface. Conservation measures included the reconsolidation of loose tesserae and the partial reconstruction of fragments. For more information on conservation measures for the mosaics, refer to Progress Report 5 or the Final Report.
Date:
May-July, 1999
Resource Type:
still image
Photographer:
Kolataj, Wojciech
Collection:
Villa of the Birds Mosaic Conservation
Tracing opus sectile

Tracing opus sectile

Description:
Mosaic A3 is the biggest mosaic floor, it decorate the triclinium (main reception room of the villa). It was made in two techniques and arranged in a U + T pattern. It sustained extensive damages, especially along the borders where the stone walls were plundered. As with other mosaics, a fire had caused damage as well. The conditions of the opus tessellatum and opus sectile varied significantly. The former in relatively good condition while the latter was significantly damaged. Modern repairs were removed, however ancient repairs were preserved despite being executed with big marble slabs chosen at random causing deformation and distortion of the surface. Conservation measures included the reconsolidation of loose tesserae and the partial reconstruction of fragments. For more information on conservation measures for the mosaics, refer to Progress Report 5 or the Final Report.
Date:
May-June, 1999
Resource Type:
still image
Photographer:
Kolataj, Wojciech
Collection:
Villa of the Birds Mosaic Conservation
Tracing opus sectile

The courtyard of Ramses II, towards the colonnade, view into the imperial cult chamber

Description:
“The room that became the imperial cult chamber during the Tetrarchy was in pharaonic times the first in a series of halls that made up the temple's inner sanctum. Immediately upon entry, visitors (exclusively priests in the Egyptian cult, because the unpurified were never allowed into this part of the temple) were confronted with a large doorway on the opposite, southern wall that led into another hall, which led to the barque shrine, where the image-bearing boat was kept, and finally ended in the holiest chamber of all, the sanctuary of Amun. This first room was therefore a liminal space, marked as important by its inaccessibility to the general public, yet it was not a room in which the presence of the deity resided per-manently. It was, however, a space where a visitor physically realized the transition from secular to sacred space, by moving through it, or at least seeing through it, toward the gods (or rather, the statues of the gods in the inner sanctuary). The choice of this room as the focus of Roman modifications to Luxor Temple seems therefore a particularly powerful political statement. By the Romans' blocking the southern doorway of this room, which once led to the pharaonic inner sanc-tum, and filling it instead with images of the Roman emper-ors, the reconfigured room simultaneously usurped access to the pharaonic god and was reconstituted as a space in which the Roman emperors, represented by their painted presence, underwent a divine transformation. Diocletian especially, illustrated with the attributes of Jupiter, the Roman avatar of Amun, was not only presented as the divine ruler of Egypt but also as the arbiter of legitimate temporal power” (McFadden 2015, 127-128).
Date:
February-March 2009
Resource Type:
still image
Photographer:
Vescovo, Arnaldo
Vescovo, Alessandro
Collection:
Luxor Roman Wall Paintings
The courtyard of Ramses II, towards the colonnade, view into the imperial cult chamber